Human japanese catbell how to#
Human japanese catbell skin#
Human japanese catbell series#

Together, their surviving writings from these momentous expeditions illustrate a growing interest in natural-historical explanations for diversity among human populations. William Anderson, Archibald Menzies and Robert Brown in particular travelled extensively in the Pacific with (respectively) James Cook on his second and third voyages (1771вЂ“8), with George Vancouver (1791вЂ“5) and with Matthew Flinders (1801вЂ“3).

Human japanese catbell series#

Each travelled widely beyond Scotland, enabling them to make a series of observations of non-European peoples in a wide variety of colonial contexts. This paper will present a comparative analysis of the ethnographic writings of three colonial travellers trained in medicine at the University of Edinburgh: William Anderson (1750вЂ“78), Archibald Menzies (1754вЂ“1842) and Robert Brown (1773вЂ“1858). While race did not replace the language of savagery, in the early years of the 19th century savagery was re-inscribed by race.

Human japanese catbell skin#

This in turn meant that the degree of savagery or civilisation of different peoples could be understood through new criteria that enabled physical classification, in particular by reference to skin colour, hair, facial characteristics, skull morphology, or physical stature: the archetypal criteria of race. Nonetheless, by means of this concept, natural historians began to conceptualise humanity as subject not only to historical gradations, but also to the environmental and climatic variations thought to determine race. The terminology of race was still remarkably fluid, and did not always imply fixed physical or mental endowments or racial hierarchies. While the concept of savagery had long been understood to apply to categories of human populations deemed to be in want of more historically advanced вЂcivilisationвЂ™, the application of this term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was increasingly being correlated with the emerging terminology of racial characteristics. Ideas of race and of savagery were freely deployed by both British and French, but a discursive shift was underway.

Human japanese catbell how to#

When Australia was circumnavigated by Europeans in 1801вЂ“02, French and British natural historians were unsure how to describe the Indigenous peoples who inhabited the land they charted and catalogued. By focusing on the Delesserts and their social network, I find that a byproduct of inter and intra continental migration among European elites was a knowledge exchange that stimulated Malthus's thesis on population and Genevan Augustin Pyramus Candolle's research on botany, ultimately culminating in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and human evolution. A consequence of these social shifts was the diffusion and dissemination of population theory-as a pursuit of scientific knowledge and exploration-across both sides of the Atlantic. I show how deviant, nonconformist groups suffered forced migration for their political philosophy, particularly during the revolutionary 1790s, resulting in their imprisonment and migration to America. This paper examines the Delessert network's instrumental role in cultivating, curating, and circulating knowledge that popularized Malthusian population theory, including the theory's constitutive elements of political economy, philanthropy, industry, agriculture, and botany. Yet, despite extensive research on population issues, little work explicates the genesis of population knowledge production or how the process of intellectual transfer occurred during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Indeed, contemporary and early modern concerns over these matters have extended interests in Thomas Malthus. Modernity does not possess a monopoly on mass incarceration, population fears, forced migration, famine, or climatic change. It also identifies the prominent role played by chemistry in EdinburghвЂ™s natural history community and discusses the foundation of the Student Natural History Society of Edinburgh.

To help the reader better understand the table, I have written a brief introductory essay that addresses WalkerвЂ™s organisation of the course and the types of students who attended the lectures. The table is arranged into columns that state the studentвЂ™s name, degree, year of attendance and geographic origin.

As many of the students on the lists would go on to have a profound impact on the practice of nineteenth century natural history, I have compiled them into a table so that they can be used as a reference tool for those interested in the study of natural history in Edinburgh during the late eighteenth century. These are extant in the University of EdinburghвЂ™s Special Collections Department. Because of the institutional structure of the university, he took care to keep detailed class lists from 1782 to 1800.

In 1779 Revd Dr John Walker was appointed to be the University of EdinburghвЂ™s Professor of Natural History.